Intraday and interday variations of milk fatty acids in dairy cows in early and late lactation.

The composition of milk fatty acid (FA) was determined using Fourier-transform mid-infrared spectroscopy, which enables the rapid measurement of many samples. Milk FA is one indicator supporting the management of dairy cows and herds. This study aimed to determine an appropriate sampling method for milk FA in a practical farm condition based on intraday and interday variations in milk FA composition during early and late lactation stages. Milk samples were collected in the morning (07:00-08:00 h) and afternoon (16:30-17:30 h) for five consecutive days during early and late lactation. Within the day, de novo FA as the total FA basis was higher in the morning than in the afternoon, whereas preformed FA as the total FA basis was lower in the morning than in the afternoon. The weighted averages of milk FA composition according to milk yield collected in the morning and afternoon were significantly different between cows in early and late lactation; however, these were not significantly different among the consecutive five sampling days in each period. It was concluded that milk samples collected in the morning and afternoon for 1 day are suitable for milk FA determination. These results provide basic data for determining precise sampling methods for practical farms.

Spectrum of nutrition-specific and nutrition-sensitive determinants of child undernutrition: a multisectoral cross-sectional study in rural Mozambique.

BACKGROUND: Despite an increasing need for multisectoral interventions and coordinations for addressing malnutrition, evidence-based multisectoral nutrition interventions have been rarely developed and implemented in low-income and middle-income countries. To identify key determinants of undernutrition for effectively designing a multisectoral intervention package, a nutrition survey was conducted, by comprehensively covering a variety of variables across sectors, in Niassa province, Mozambique. METHODS: A cross-sectional household survey was conducted in Niassa province, August-October 2019. Anthropometric measurements, anaemia tests of children under 5 years of age and structured interviews with their mothers were conducted. A total of 1498 children under 5 years of age participated in the survey. We employed 107 background variables related to possible underlying and immediate causes of undernutrition, to examine their associations with being malnourished. Both bivariate (χ2 test and Mann-Whitney's U test) and multivariate analyses (logistic regression) were undertaken, to identify the determinants of being malnourished. RESULTS: Prevalence rates of stunting, underweight and wasting were estimated at 46.2%, 20.0% and 7.1%, respectively. Timely introduction of solid, semi-solid or soft foods to children of 6-8 months of age was detected as a determinant of being not stunted. Mother-child cosleeping and ownership of birth certificate were a protective factor from and a promoting factor for being underweight, respectively. Similarly, availability and consumption of eggs at the household level and cough during the last 2 weeks among children were likely to be a protective factor from and a promoting factor for being wasted, respectively. CONCLUSION: Timely introduction of solid, semi-solid or soft foods could serve as an entry point for the three sectors to start making joint efforts, as it requires the interventions from all health, agriculture and water sectors. To enable us to make meaningful interprovincial, international and inter-seasonal comparisons, it is crucially important to develop a standard set of variables related to being malnourished.